While studying for my postgraduate degree in translation, we had a unit within the literary translation course that touched on Bible translation. Although we didn’t study it in depth, it was interesting to explore how the ancient texts of the Bible are translated.

One common topic of discussion is the different approaches to translation. Many argue there are three types of Bible translation: word-for-word, thought-for-thought, and paraphrasing. However, from a linguistic perspective, this isn’t entirely accurate. Paraphrasing is more of a translation technique than a method itself.

Translation involves converting text from one language to another — two languages are always involved. In contrast, paraphrasing uses only onelanguage and involves rewording or reinterpreting the text for clarity, emphasis, or simplicity. It doesn’t have the same linguistic complexity as translation, which requires handling multiple languages and their cultural contexts.

So, there are essentially two main approaches to Bible translation: word-for-word and thought-for-thought. Let’s explore each method in detail and also examine where paraphrasing fits into the picture.

Word-for-Word Translation

Often called formal equivalence, word-for-word translation focuses on preserving the exact wording, structure, and grammar of the original text. This approach prioritizes accuracy and faithfulness to the source language, often at the expense of natural readability in the target language.

Within Bible Translation

In Bible translation, word-for-word methods are valued for their precision and faithfulness to the original texts. They give readers a glimpse into the Bible’s linguistic and cultural world. But they can sometimes feel too formal or challenging, especially for modern readers unfamiliar with the style of ancient languages.

Examples

• King James Version (KJV): Known for its majestic and poetic tone, the KJV is a classic example of formal equivalence.
• English Standard Version (ESV): A modern word-for-word translation intended to maintain accuracy while improving readability.
• New American Standard Bible (NASB): Generally preferred by scholars for its literal approach to Scripture.

Thought-for-Thought Translation

Also known as dynamic equivalence, thought-for-thought translation prioritizes the meaning of the text over its exact wording. It aims to carry the ideas and feelings of the original into the language of today’s readers.

Within Bible Translation

Thought-for-thought translations aim to bridge the cultural and linguistic gap between the ancient world and today. They focus on making the text accessible and understandable without compromising the core message.

Examples

• New International Version (NIV): Balances accuracy and readability, making it one of the most popular modern translations.
• Good News Translation (GNT): Written in simple, clear language for those new to the Bible.
• New Living Translation (NLT): Known for its narrative clarity and engaging style, often used for devotional reading.

Paraphrasing: A Technique, Not a Translation

Paraphrasing plays an important role in making the Bible accessible, even though it is not a form of translation. Paraphrasing involves rewording or reinterpreting a text to emphasize its meaning or emotional tone, often at the expense of literal accuracy.

Within Bible Translation

Most paraphrased Bibles are written to make the text easier to read, using either colloquial language or slang. While they’re great for devotional reading or introducing newcomers to the Bible, paraphrases lack the precision needed for study or doctrinal analysis.

Examples

• The Message (MSG): A highly conversational and contemporary rendering of the Bible designed for casual reading.
• The Living Bible (TLB): A simplified paraphrase designed for children and new believers.
• The Gen Z Bible (GenZ.Bible): Uses colloquial language and slang to connect with younger audiences and make the Bible more accessible.

Conclusion

The reason there are so many Bible translations is that different readers have different needs. Some like to have a word-for-word translation because of their accuracy and faithfulness to the original texts. Others prefer thought-for-thought translations, which prioritize clarity and relatability. Meanwhile, the paraphrased versions simplify the message for seekers or new believers.

As someone who has studied translation, I see the responsibility involved in translating such an important text into different languages. Each translation method serves a specific purpose and audience, ensuring that the Bible’s timeless message can reach people across cultures and generations.