Christianity faces criticism for allegedly promoting authoritarianism, a view popularized by Katherine Stewart in her New York Times opinion piece, Now Will We Believe What Is Happening Right in Front of Us? Stewart critiques Christian nationalist movements for rejecting pluralism and undermining democracy. She argues that Christian governance aims to “demolish the system of justice” and replace it with authoritarian structures benefiting a ruling elite. However, this interpretation overlooks Christianity’s historic role in fostering justice, service, and liberty — principles essential for democratic governance.

Stewart conflates the actions of specific political movements with the broader Christian tradition. While some misuse Christian rhetoric, it is inaccurate to claim that Christianity inherently undermines democracy. Christianity has historically championed justice, advocating for ethical governance and the inherent dignity of all individuals. Alexis de Tocqueville noted in Democracy in America, “Religion in America takes no direct part in the government of society, but it must be regarded as the first of their political institutions… it facilitates their use of freedom.” Tocqueville emphasizes how Christianity promotes the moral foundations necessary for democratic stability, including ethics, justice, and shared purpose.

Christianity’s principles of justice, service, and humility are vital for preserving the freedoms on which democracies thrive. Accusations that Christian governance seeks to “demolish justice” ignore the faith’s foundational commitment to accountability, equity, and human rights.

Servant Leadership in Governance

What does Romans 13 say about governance? It’s not what you think.

The Bible provides a nuanced framework for governance, emphasizing justice, accountability, and service. In Romans 13, Paul discusses submitting to governing authorities instituted by God to promote justice. However, this is not an endorsement of tyranny.

Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and God has instituted those that exist. Therefore, whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment — Romans 13:1–2

Paul’s message was radical in the context of the Roman Empire, characterized by authoritarian rule, as it balanced submission to authority with accountability to God’s higher moral law.

The Gospel of Mark offers a leadership model rooted in servanthood, contrasting sharply with secular frameworks that often prioritize power or personal ambition. In this passage, Jesus redefines greatness through the lens of service:

Whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant… For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve — Mark 10:42–45

Unlike secular frameworks that center authority on hierarchical structures, the Biblical model emphasizes accountability to God and those being served. By placing the needs of others above personal gain, this servant-leadership approach aligns with key democratic principles, including checks on power and prioritizing the common good. This contrast highlights the enduring relevance of Christ’s teachings in shaping ethical, transparent, and just governance.

Paul’s writing in Romans 13 gains significance when contextualized within the oppressive environment of the Roman Empire. By urging believers to submit to authorities while maintaining allegiance to God’s justice, Paul introduced a revolutionary principle — governance is legitimate only when it upholds divine justice. This perspective laid the groundwork for the Christian belief in checks on power, ensuring leaders remain accountable to God and their constituents.

Modern democratic institutions thrive when leaders emulate this servant-leader approach, prioritizing the well-being of their constituents over personal gain. Democratic principles such as accountability and transparency are deeply rooted in the Biblical model of governance, where authority exists not for domination but for the service of others.

From Wilberforce to Tutu

How did the fight against apartheid and the abolition of slavery draw strength from Christian ethics?

Throughout history, Christian leaders have used their faith as a catalyst for justice and transformation. William Wilberforce, for instance, was driven by his Christian convictions to abolish the transatlantic slave trade, viewing slavery as a direct affront to the God-given dignity of every individual. His relentless advocacy transformed British society and inspired abolition movements worldwide, including in the United States and South America.

Similarly, Archbishop Desmond Tutu became a beacon of hope during South Africa’s fight against apartheid. Known for his deep commitment to nonviolence, Tutu declared, “If you want peace, you don’t talk to your friends. You talk to your enemies.” This ethos guided his leadership during the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, where he championed forgiveness over vengeance. Tutu often referred to the Book of Micah as a moral compass for rebuilding a divided nation.

He has told you, O man, what is good; and what does the Lord require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God? — Micah 6:8

His influence extended beyond speeches; he actively worked to dismantle apartheid policies and inspire future generations to pursue justice peacefully.

Tutu’s unwavering belief in the inherent worth of every individual fueled his activism, culminating in South Africa’s peaceful transition to democracy. In 1994, when Nelson Mandela became the country’s first Black president, Tutu celebrated, symbolizing the triumph of justice over oppression. He often invoked passages like Micah 6:8 as a guiding ethos for governance.

NPR’s retrospective on South Africa’s democratic milestone, 30 years since the end of apartheid, is South Africa still an emblem of democracy? highlighted Tutu’s critical role in ensuring the country chose reconciliation over retribution. This choice, rooted in Christian ethics, laid the groundwork for rebuilding a nation fractured by systemic racism. Similarly, artists like Thandiswa Mazwai continue to amplify the struggles and triumphs of South Africa’s democracy, reminding leaders of their duty to serve and uphold justice.

The legacy of these figures illustrates how Christianity, far from being regressive, has consistently driven societal progress. Christian ethics emphasize accountability, reconciliation, and the inherent dignity of all individuals, making them a powerful force for democracy-building worldwide.

A Force for Justice

Critics are wrong! Christianity’s emphasis on justice and service has driven freedom movements across centuries.

Critics often claim that Christian nationalist movements fuel authoritarianism. While specific movements may misuse Christian rhetoric, this does not reflect the broader Christian tradition, which champions liberty and human rights.

To refute Stewart’s accusation that Christian governance seeks to “demolish justice,” one must consider Christianity’s historical role in upholding ethical accountability. Biblical teachings call for moral governance rooted in justice and service, as evidenced in the Book of Proverbs 31:8–9:

Speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves, for the rights of all who are destitute. Speak up and judge fairly; defend the rights of the poor and needy — Proverbs 31:8–9

Stewart warns of authoritarian tendencies within specific political movements, yet it’s essential to compare these trends with secular regimes like the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. Both regimes suppressed religious institutions, eliminating moral accountability and leading to widespread oppression. In contrast, Christian ethics counter tyranny by emphasizing the inherent dignity of every individual and the rule of law.

Furthermore, Stewart’s critique overlooks how Christian movements have historically resisted authoritarianism. Leaders like Dietrich Bonhoeffer opposed the Nazi regime, guided by their faith’s call to defend justice. Similarly, Martin Luther King Jr.’s civil rights advocacy rooted itself in Biblical principles, demonstrating Christianity’s enduring role as a force for justice.

Efforts to restore moral law closely align with democracy’s commitment to protecting human dignity and ensuring justice for all citizens. Christianity’s emphasis on accountability, reconciliation, and service offers a compelling framework for ethical governance in pluralistic societies.

Faith + Democracy in Action

Is democracy stronger when faith informs leadership? The historical evidence is compelling.

As we discussed earlier, Paul’s words in Romans 13:1–2 command Christians to be: 

Let everyone be subject to the governing authorities — Romans 13:1a 

Here, Paul acknowledges that God institutes all authority. While this submission calls for respect and order, it does not endorse blind obedience or absolve rulers of accountability. The passage continues:

For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval, for he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer — Romans 13:3–4

While I have been critical of the current administration, I recognize my responsibility to follow this command. Yet, these verses also remind us that authorities must govern justly, acting as servants of God for the good of all. When leaders promote religious liberty and present themselves as Christians, their governance should reflect the ethical principles of their faith — principles like justice, accountability, and service.

This dynamic tension underscores Christianity’s role in shaping democracy. Religious freedom, as Trump stated, is essential: “If we don’t have religious liberty, then we don’t have a free country.” Such freedom ensures individuals can live according to their convictions, which forms the backbone of democratic pluralism.

A humanitarian worker, Anne Linn, echoed this sentiment, invoking Jesus’ teachings to advocate for accountability in governance. Her reflection — “Who can read the words of Jesus Christ and think this is OK?” — highlights how Christian ethics call for societal welfare and justice.

Pew Research findings further illustrate the enduring influence of Christian values on national identity. The Comparing Levels of Religious Nationalism Around the World report noted, “Americans are among the most likely of any high-income public to describe a religious identity as very important to truly sharing in the national identity.” This statistic underscores how deeply religious identity resonates with the American public, highlighting its pivotal role in shaping national values and democratic ideals. Additionally, Pew data reveals that while only 6% of Americans meet the strict criteria for religious nationalism, a much larger share believes that the Bible should inform governance to some extent. This nuanced view aligns with Christianity’s broader role in promoting ethical leadership and justice.

Globally, the survey underscores key distinctions between religious nationalism and the broader influence of faith. While middle-income countries often exhibit higher religious nationalism, the U.S. maintains a balance that integrates faith into public life without undermining pluralism. This balance demonstrates how Christianity’s ethical framework can strengthen democratic institutions and values.

References

1. Madhani, A., and Smith, P. (2025, February 9). Trump signed an executive order to establish a White House Faith Office. PBS News.
2. Green, E. (2025, February 7). Trump Signs Order to Fight ‘Anti-Christian Bias.’ New York Times.
3. Stewart, K. (2025, February 7). Now, Will We Believe What Is Happening Right in Front of Us? New York Times.
4. Luscombe, B. (2025, February 5). How Christian Groups Are Responding to Trump’s Foreign-Aid Freeze. Time Magazine.
5. Chavda, J. (2025, January 28). Comparing Levels of Religious Nationalism Around the World. Pew Research.
6. Chutel, L. (2025, January 7). The Voice of South Africa’s First Post-Apartheid Generation. New York Times.
7. Consider This Podcast (2024, April 28). 30 years since the end of apartheid, is South Africa still an emblem of democracy? NPR.

The opinions expressed here are my own and do not reflect the views or positions of my employer.

I’m just a dad who blogs about the intersections of life, faith, family, and technology. These are the threads that weave through my personal and spiritual walk.